Speech paper

With Syria broken into factions and fighting each other for power in a "proxy" war, people are fleeing Syria and crossing borders for refuge. The influx of refugees into neighboring countries, especially Lebanon, was one of the central problems Omar Dahi addressed in his lecture "The Crisis of Syria's Refugees in Lebanon," in the Commonwealth College Building, Events Hall -East at 4 pm on Wednesday.

                Dahi, an associate professor of economics at Hampshire College, was born and grew up in Syria and spent last semester in Lebanon and  spoke to 45 people of the problems that are affecting Syria and surrounding countries. He first began by explaining how the crisis was not simply an uprising, like it was at the beginning but is now a "proxy" war involving the many rebel factions, the government, the United States of American, Saudi Arabia and Israel.

                "Lebanon is the most effected, besides Syria," said Dahi. The influx of refugees due to the crisis in Syria has taken its toll on all surrounding countries but especially Lebanon. Most of the neighboring countries have closed their borders, not wanting anymore refugees. Lebanon has not.

                 Before the Syrian crisis, Lebanon was a poor country, but since the rise in population, money has gotten tighter. "They don't have the fiscal ability to take care of these refugees," said Dahi, speaking from his own experience.

                But that has not stopped the flow of refugees into the country.  The population of Syria right now is about 4 million people. Out of that number, 1 million of them are Syrian refugees. That means that 1/4 of the population is Syrian refugees. This number is predicted to rise, resulting in half the population being refugees.

                Dahi says that there were three things that led to this crisis: the Arab uprising, the war against Iran, and the decline of U.S. power in the Middle East. The Arab uprising, commonly known as Arab Spring, started when Tunisia rebelled against their authoritarian government, and other countries in the Middle East followed suit. This uprising, which turned into the "proxy war" that it is now, provided a moral cover for what was happening what is happening in Syria now.

                The war against Iran also helped to deteriorate Syria. The U.S., Saudi Arabia and Israel created economic sanctions against Iran in an attempt to weaken their power in the Middle East. The allies determined that "Syria was viewed as the weakest link." Therefore, Saudi Arabia used the uprising there to push for allegiance and to try to put into government a more supportive government. Iran felt that the Syrian uprising had been hijacked and put money into the Syrian regime.

                The United States' decline of power in the area is a similar concept because of the fluctuating support they give to different opposition groups.  "You have many different sides pushing against each other and reaching a stalemate in destruction," he said.

                The best outcome for Syria would be peace talks which recently adjourned in Geneva, Switzerland. The talks would involve Syria, Russia, The united States, Saudi Arabia and Iran. There are two possible outcomes, either to create an opportunity for a new leadership to emerge or to split up the region. "And the hope," said Dahi, "or the best outcome, is the these processes create a new space for these voices to be heard."

                What can the United States do? Dahi said that United States citizens can contact their delegates to urge them to put pressure on their allies, like Saudi Arabia, for a political settlement. The other part the United States can take is to recognize Iran as a legitimate country and enter talks with Iran to find a peaceful resolution.

                "I felt like I learned  a lot about the current situation in Syria and that it has gone from an internal uprising to a kind of international battleground from Dahi's organized presentation," said Mary Carey, a journalism professor at the University of Massachusetts.

                Morgan Morselli, a sophomore at UMass, said "Dahi did a great job of clarifying why the refugees have a big impact."

by Lauren McArdle

Omar Dahi Speech Article

     In his speech entitled “The Crisis of Syria’s Refugees in Lebanon,” Omar Dahi argued that the best outcome for Syria would be if peace talks could create an opportunity for new leadership and a greater sense of citizenship in Syria.

     

     Dahi, an associate professor of economics at Hampshire College and a native of Syria, spoke to about 50 captive listeners last Wednesday in the East Events Hall of the Commonwealth Honors College.

     

     Having spent the fall semester in Lebanon, Dahi was able to observe first-hand the impact that the Syrian crisis is having on surrounding countries mainly in the form of displaced refugees.  He explained that Syrian refugees have flocked to Iraq, Jordan, Egypt and Turkey, but that Lebanon has been most affected as it is the only country that has not closed its borders to refugees.

     

     Currently, one million refugees live in Lebanon, representing about a quarter of the country’s population.  However Dahi feels it is likely that by the end of 2014, Syrians will represent half the people living in Lebanon.

     

     “In many ways the Lebanese have been very generous,” said Dahi.  He explained that they “don’t have the fiscal capacity to take in the refugees,” and that “the crisis is too overwhelming for them to manage on their own.”

     

     In all, there are about 2.5 million Syrian refugees who have fled to surrounding countries and yet another 6.5 to 7 million internally displaced people who have sought safer zones within the country.

     

     In Jordan, the first country to shut its borders to refugees, as in other countries, there is greater resentment toward emigrating Syrians.

     

     “In Jordan, they fear integration,” said Dahi.  “They argue that many rebel groups are using the borders as a haven to escape fighting the government.”

     

     Dahi explained that in Turkey as well you see “almost daily attacks on Syrian refugees.”

     

     In contrast, the Lebanese have little appetite for war and are most accepting of the refugees in general, making it one of the safest, as well as one of the only, places Syrian refugees can go.

     

     Dahi explained that the countries that closed their borders did so mainly for economic reasons.  They could not handle the economic strain that the refugees caused.

     

     The situation in Lebanon is even more severe, Dahi explained.  Even before the crisis, he said, the Lebanese economy was “not in the greatest shape.”  The poorest regions of the country also host the most refugees, which sends those regions spiraling further into poverty.

     

     Dahi explained that many feel the problem of the Syrian refugees is a “situation with no hope in sight.”  Even if the crisis in Syria ends, “a lot of these people won’t be able to return because their homes have been destroyed,” he said.

     

     In his own interpretation of events, Dahi divides the Syrian crisis into two phases.  Phase one, from March 2011 to March 2012, he classifies as the main period of Syrian uprising and revolution.  During phase two, from March 2012 until the present, a civil war has been unfolding in Syria.

     

     Dahi breaks down the long-lasting conflict even further, making it easier for his audience to understand the complex struggle.  He divides the underlying causes of the Syrian crisis into three processes.

     

     The first process, according to Dahi, began with the Arab uprisings.  The initial rebellion in Syria was related to a ripple effect from the Arab uprisings.  The general context that was unfolding in the region shaped peoples’ perceptions on how change might happen and instilled them to act.

     

     The second process, he continued, resulted from the United States’ war against Iran.  The U.S. and its allies were “interested in encroaching upon power in the region,” said Dahi.  Thus they focused on weakening Syria, an Iranian ally that was already viewed as the weakest link.

     

     The U.S. pushed to put in policy a foreign government that would be more reliable to them, but Iran rigidly declared from the very beginning that they would not let the Syrian regime fall.

     

     The third process occurred when the U.S. attempted to “settle its accounts in the Middle East,” and its power there steadily declined.  A division was created between the U.S. and its allies Israel and Saudi Arabia as a result of different ideas on how to solve the problem of the Arab uprising, creating even more tension in the area.

     

     Simply put, Dahi explained that “you have many different sides pushing against each other and reaching a stalemate.”

     

     Now Dahi feels that the best possible outcome would be to “have a meaningful transition in Syria.”

     

     Dahi argues that further political fragmentation in Syria would lead to a weaker economic state and less solidarity throughout.

     

     Instead, he hopes that peace talks, which were recently adjourned in Geneva, Switzerland involving the U.S., Russia, Syria, Iran and Saudi Arabia, can create an opportunity for new leadership to emerge in Syria.  He also feels that it is necessary to foster a sense of citizenship among the people living there.

     

     After having listened to the whole of Dahi’s speech, reactions from the audience were generally positive.

     

     “I thought it was very informative,” said Lauren McArdle, a sophomore at the University of Massachusetts.  “I like how it focused on the refugee impact on Lebanon because it’s not talked about a lot.”

     

     Morgan Morselli, also a UMass sophomore, agreed, saying, “Dahi did a great job clarifying why the refugees have such a big impact.”

     

     Mary Carey, a journalism professor at UMass, had a similar opinion about the speech’s informative quality.

    

     “I felt like I learned a lot about the current situation in Syria and that it has gone from an internal uprising to a kind of international battleground from Dahi’s organized presentation,” said Carey.

By Shelby Ashline